1
00:00:03,750 --> 00:00:02,310
uh we have a special guest in mission

2
00:00:05,910 --> 00:00:03,760
control we have

3
00:00:08,070 --> 00:00:05,920
camille ain from the international space

4
00:00:09,750 --> 00:00:08,080
station program science office uh

5
00:00:11,669 --> 00:00:09,760
welcome camille

6
00:00:13,669 --> 00:00:11,679
thank you kelly for having me and you're

7
00:00:15,430 --> 00:00:13,679
here to talk about plant science today

8
00:00:16,950 --> 00:00:15,440
because we also have a special guest on

9
00:00:18,790 --> 00:00:16,960
the telephone line that we'll talk to in

10
00:00:20,310 --> 00:00:18,800
just a minute uh who is a principal

11
00:00:22,630 --> 00:00:20,320
investigator of one of the interesting

12
00:00:23,990 --> 00:00:22,640
experiments uh but tell us a little bit

13
00:00:25,990 --> 00:00:24,000
first of all about what we've been

14
00:00:27,750 --> 00:00:26,000
learning from plant biology on the

15
00:00:29,750 --> 00:00:27,760
international space station well we've

16
00:00:31,750 --> 00:00:29,760
been doing plant research in space for

17
00:00:33,110 --> 00:00:31,760
about 25 years

18
00:00:35,670 --> 00:00:33,120
and we've really advanced our

19
00:00:37,830 --> 00:00:35,680
fundamental knowledge in several areas

20
00:00:39,910 --> 00:00:37,840
first we've learned how plants respond

21
00:00:42,310 --> 00:00:39,920
to gravity and the technical term is

22
00:00:45,029 --> 00:00:42,320
gravitropism tropism meaning the

23
00:00:47,430 --> 00:00:45,039
external or environmental stimuli that

24
00:00:49,510 --> 00:00:47,440
plants respond to in order to grow and

25
00:00:51,590 --> 00:00:49,520
gravitropism means that they are

26
00:00:54,549 --> 00:00:51,600
responding to gravity in order in order

27
00:00:57,350 --> 00:00:54,559
to grow so in plant biology 101 or

28
00:00:59,510 --> 00:00:57,360
botany 101 we've learned that stocks

29
00:01:02,630 --> 00:00:59,520
grow up towards the light and that's

30
00:01:04,229 --> 00:01:02,640
called phototropism and roots grow down

31
00:01:06,230 --> 00:01:04,239
because of gravity

32
00:01:09,190 --> 00:01:06,240
and that's called gravitropism and i

33
00:01:11,830 --> 00:01:09,200
think dr paul in a few minutes will

34
00:01:15,350 --> 00:01:11,840
talk to us about what we've learned

35
00:01:18,070 --> 00:01:15,360
recently her findings in in on the

36
00:01:20,390 --> 00:01:18,080
knowledge base in this area we've also

37
00:01:22,710 --> 00:01:20,400
learned how to inform the design of

38
00:01:25,109 --> 00:01:22,720
advanced plant growth habitats or

39
00:01:27,270 --> 00:01:25,119
facilities and these are facilities that

40
00:01:30,870 --> 00:01:27,280
have grown in complexity and

41
00:01:33,350 --> 00:01:30,880
functionality and capability over time

42
00:01:35,270 --> 00:01:33,360
we've achieved the complete life cycle

43
00:01:37,910 --> 00:01:35,280
of plants meaning we've gone from seed

44
00:01:40,630 --> 00:01:37,920
to seed so we've gone from seeds to

45
00:01:43,030 --> 00:01:40,640
plant growth to full plants mature

46
00:01:45,190 --> 00:01:43,040
plants and that plant has been able to

47
00:01:48,230 --> 00:01:45,200
produce seeds that are viable so we've

48
00:01:50,469 --> 00:01:48,240
learned that and then we've demonstrated

49
00:01:53,030 --> 00:01:50,479
the physiological processes that are

50
00:01:55,350 --> 00:01:53,040
necessary for biological life support

51
00:01:57,749 --> 00:01:55,360
that those are sustainable and those are

52
00:02:00,230 --> 00:01:57,759
critical if we want to further explore

53
00:02:02,230 --> 00:02:00,240
space over long durations

54
00:02:04,950 --> 00:02:02,240
and so the research we've done over the

55
00:02:07,190 --> 00:02:04,960
last 25 years has really also identified

56
00:02:08,869 --> 00:02:07,200
some critical areas that we still need

57
00:02:11,589 --> 00:02:08,879
to research

58
00:02:14,070 --> 00:02:11,599
in areas such as the impact of gravity

59
00:02:16,790 --> 00:02:14,080
on the cellular and tissue levels of

60
00:02:19,670 --> 00:02:16,800
plants the whole plant level and then

61
00:02:21,110 --> 00:02:19,680
communities of plants level

62
00:02:22,550 --> 00:02:21,120
and there are a whole suite of these

63
00:02:24,869 --> 00:02:22,560
different experiments they look at

64
00:02:26,550 --> 00:02:24,879
different kinds of plants

65
00:02:28,309 --> 00:02:26,560
but we've recently gotten some results

66
00:02:31,030 --> 00:02:28,319
from one particular experiment one that

67
00:02:33,350 --> 00:02:31,040
we call tages let's bring in

68
00:02:34,790 --> 00:02:33,360
anna-lysa paul from florida

69
00:02:37,430 --> 00:02:34,800
welcome

70
00:02:39,589 --> 00:02:37,440
thank you and analisa could you tell us

71
00:02:41,270 --> 00:02:39,599
a little bit about yourself but where

72
00:02:42,070 --> 00:02:41,280
you are and what your line of research

73
00:02:42,869 --> 00:02:42,080
is

74
00:02:45,509 --> 00:02:42,879
sure

75
00:02:47,270 --> 00:02:45,519
my i am a research associate professor

76
00:02:49,830 --> 00:02:47,280
at the university of florida in the

77
00:02:51,589 --> 00:02:49,840
department of horticultural sciences

78
00:02:53,990 --> 00:02:51,599
also that's the program of plant

79
00:02:54,790 --> 00:02:54,000
molecular and cellular biology

80
00:03:02,149 --> 00:02:54,800
i

81
00:03:04,309 --> 00:03:02,159
plants work at the gene level and what

82
00:03:06,229 --> 00:03:04,319
turns genes on what turns them off and

83
00:03:08,390 --> 00:03:06,239
how plants respond especially to

84
00:03:10,309 --> 00:03:08,400
environmental stress and in particular

85
00:03:11,990 --> 00:03:10,319
novel environmental stresses like say

86
00:03:13,830 --> 00:03:12,000
space flight

87
00:03:15,750 --> 00:03:13,840
i think we have some interesting video

88
00:03:17,509 --> 00:03:15,760
of the tages experiment maybe you could

89
00:03:19,270 --> 00:03:17,519
tell us a little bit about tages what it

90
00:03:22,229 --> 00:03:19,280
stands for and what you're looking for

91
00:03:24,949 --> 00:03:22,239
there as we air this video sure um tejas

92
00:03:27,430 --> 00:03:24,959
stands for transgenic arabidopsis gene

93
00:03:29,270 --> 00:03:27,440
expression system and it actually has

94
00:03:30,789 --> 00:03:29,280
some space flight heritage over the past

95
00:03:31,830 --> 00:03:30,799
10 years in

96
00:03:33,910 --> 00:03:31,840
a number of different types of

97
00:03:36,470 --> 00:03:33,920
experiments that we've conducted

98
00:03:38,789 --> 00:03:36,480
we have engineered these plants to be

99
00:03:39,589 --> 00:03:38,799
reporters of their environment so that

100
00:03:41,509 --> 00:03:39,599
they

101
00:03:43,030 --> 00:03:41,519
that's the transgenic part is with a

102
00:03:45,830 --> 00:03:43,040
green fluorescent protein that can

103
00:03:47,830 --> 00:03:45,840
respond to environmental cues

104
00:03:49,670 --> 00:03:47,840
microgravity being one of them that's

105
00:03:50,949 --> 00:03:49,680
actually not the major focus of this

106
00:03:53,190 --> 00:03:50,959
particular experiment that you're

107
00:03:55,429 --> 00:03:53,200
highlighting right now but it uses the

108
00:03:57,670 --> 00:03:55,439
same hardware and that is it takes video

109
00:04:00,309 --> 00:03:57,680
images of the plants as they grow

110
00:04:02,149 --> 00:04:00,319
because we can use this uh very

111
00:04:04,710 --> 00:04:02,159
sophisticated imaging hardware developed

112
00:04:07,429 --> 00:04:04,720
by kennedy space center to collect

113
00:04:09,750 --> 00:04:07,439
images of the plants every six hours we

114
00:04:11,910 --> 00:04:09,760
can essentially get these movies of how

115
00:04:13,990 --> 00:04:11,920
the plants traverse across the surface

116
00:04:15,110 --> 00:04:14,000
of these nutrient plates in which we

117
00:04:16,870 --> 00:04:15,120
place them

118
00:04:19,030 --> 00:04:16,880
the information that we can get from

119
00:04:21,430 --> 00:04:19,040
that not only is some of the gene

120
00:04:24,230 --> 00:04:21,440
expression data which is the subject of

121
00:04:25,990 --> 00:04:24,240
another sub-study but also how they grow

122
00:04:28,150 --> 00:04:26,000
and how they grow over time and how they

123
00:04:30,469 --> 00:04:28,160
navigate across that surface and that's

124
00:04:32,710 --> 00:04:30,479
really the focus of this particular

125
00:04:36,390 --> 00:04:32,720
study that gave us some very interesting

126
00:04:40,310 --> 00:04:37,749
you know we've been showing some

127
00:04:42,390 --> 00:04:40,320
pictures of the experiment results that

128
00:04:44,390 --> 00:04:42,400
you've just published and one of them

129
00:04:46,070 --> 00:04:44,400
was a view that shows a lot of blue and

130
00:04:47,510 --> 00:04:46,080
red markers could you explain that a

131
00:04:50,070 --> 00:04:47,520
little bit to us why you highlighted

132
00:04:53,189 --> 00:04:50,080
those yes and so the blue and red is

133
00:04:55,510 --> 00:04:53,199
helps you track uh over time so each

134
00:04:57,990 --> 00:04:55,520
each little segment alternating red and

135
00:05:00,629 --> 00:04:58,000
blue is six hours or represents six

136
00:05:02,469 --> 00:05:00,639
hours on the on the tape i guess you

137
00:05:04,469 --> 00:05:02,479
could say so the plant grows for six

138
00:05:06,629 --> 00:05:04,479
hours it gets a little blue tag another

139
00:05:08,870 --> 00:05:06,639
six hours it gets a red one and so what

140
00:05:11,670 --> 00:05:08,880
that allowed us to do is to then

141
00:05:13,430 --> 00:05:11,680
mathematically map the progress of the

142
00:05:15,830 --> 00:05:13,440
roots across the plates and that could

143
00:05:18,469 --> 00:05:15,840
be then graphed and we could calculate

144
00:05:21,510 --> 00:05:18,479
and use statistical analyses to show

145
00:05:23,110 --> 00:05:21,520
that the divergence of the

146
00:05:26,469 --> 00:05:23,120
the pattern of growth from what you

147
00:05:29,029 --> 00:05:26,479
would consider a straight vertical is uh

148
00:05:31,830 --> 00:05:29,039
is a statistically significant

149
00:05:33,270 --> 00:05:31,840
phenomenon that we see on on orbit and

150
00:05:35,029 --> 00:05:33,280
that's why we tag them that way it's

151
00:05:37,430 --> 00:05:35,039
just to help us queue into it and give

152
00:05:39,990 --> 00:05:37,440
it a a number essentially

153
00:05:42,469 --> 00:05:40,000
okay and as i look at those pictures

154
00:05:44,469 --> 00:05:42,479
they look remarkably similar the ground

155
00:05:46,390 --> 00:05:44,479
version versus the one that was grown in

156
00:05:49,029 --> 00:05:46,400
space

157
00:05:50,870 --> 00:05:49,039
yes and that's that's the thing and so

158
00:05:52,790 --> 00:05:50,880
what you can see is all those plants

159
00:05:54,870 --> 00:05:52,800
well there's two different cultivars of

160
00:05:57,029 --> 00:05:54,880
plants on those plates cultivars many

161
00:05:59,189 --> 00:05:57,039
different ecotypes they're slightly

162
00:06:00,469 --> 00:05:59,199
different genetically but but very very

163
00:06:03,670 --> 00:06:00,479
similar

164
00:06:05,909 --> 00:06:03,680
the ones that that are as you look at it

165
00:06:07,749 --> 00:06:05,919
sort of on the right those cultivars

166
00:06:09,510 --> 00:06:07,759
naturally on the ground will just go

167
00:06:11,189 --> 00:06:09,520
straight down the surface of the plate

168
00:06:12,230 --> 00:06:11,199
the ones that are on the left will grow

169
00:06:15,990 --> 00:06:12,240
a little bit

170
00:06:18,870 --> 00:06:16,000
the left as you look at them but from

171
00:06:20,390 --> 00:06:18,880
the plants point of view they skew to

172
00:06:21,350 --> 00:06:20,400
the right and that's how i'll i'll talk

173
00:06:23,430 --> 00:06:21,360
about it

174
00:06:25,350 --> 00:06:23,440
and so naturally on earth those

175
00:06:27,029 --> 00:06:25,360
particular types of arabidopsis plants

176
00:06:29,510 --> 00:06:27,039
and many plants do this thing called

177
00:06:31,510 --> 00:06:29,520
skewing and also waving and when you

178
00:06:33,189 --> 00:06:31,520
look at the comparisons between the ones

179
00:06:35,270 --> 00:06:33,199
on flight and the ones on the ground

180
00:06:37,430 --> 00:06:35,280
they both look like they're growing

181
00:06:39,270 --> 00:06:37,440
straight down the place and they're

182
00:06:41,670 --> 00:06:39,280
skewing to the left

183
00:06:43,670 --> 00:06:41,680
now what is strange is when you think

184
00:06:45,029 --> 00:06:43,680
about it if you ask a

185
00:06:46,790 --> 00:06:45,039
person on the street well how do you

186
00:06:48,629 --> 00:06:46,800
think plant roots would grow in

187
00:06:50,870 --> 00:06:48,639
microgravity say well you know pretty

188
00:06:52,390 --> 00:06:50,880
much everybody knows that gravity pulls

189
00:07:02,629 --> 00:06:52,400
the

190
00:07:04,550 --> 00:07:02,639
don't and we first saw those pictures

191
00:07:06,629 --> 00:07:04,560
when they first came started coming down

192
00:07:08,150 --> 00:07:06,639
to us we were surprised that not only

193
00:07:11,110 --> 00:07:08,160
did they grow very

194
00:07:13,270 --> 00:07:11,120
cleanly you know straight away from from

195
00:07:16,070 --> 00:07:13,280
the the top of the plate if you will but

196
00:07:17,990 --> 00:07:16,080
they also do this skewing behavior and

197
00:07:20,230 --> 00:07:18,000
the reason why that is is particularly

198
00:07:22,710 --> 00:07:20,240
interesting is because that the dogma is

199
00:07:25,270 --> 00:07:22,720
in the literature and and most of us

200
00:07:28,150 --> 00:07:25,280
have always thought is this skewing this

201
00:07:30,550 --> 00:07:28,160
job to the left phenomenon is is

202
00:07:33,510 --> 00:07:30,560
thought to have been a combination of

203
00:07:35,110 --> 00:07:33,520
how the plant surfaces the the

204
00:07:37,189 --> 00:07:35,120
senses the surface of the environment

205
00:07:39,270 --> 00:07:37,199
that it's touching like the soil or in

206
00:07:41,670 --> 00:07:39,280
this case the top of the agar and the

207
00:07:42,950 --> 00:07:41,680
force of gravity then pulling down on

208
00:07:44,869 --> 00:07:42,960
those roots

209
00:07:48,309 --> 00:07:44,879
without

210
00:07:50,230 --> 00:07:48,319
you know you wouldn't have this kind of

211
00:07:52,390 --> 00:07:50,240
skewing phenomenon but we see it and we

212
00:07:54,390 --> 00:07:52,400
see it quite quite strongly and that is

213
00:07:56,469 --> 00:07:54,400
the surprising part is that we see that

214
00:07:58,869 --> 00:07:56,479
pattern that looks very much like what

215
00:08:00,230 --> 00:07:58,879
we see on the ground controls

216
00:08:02,469 --> 00:08:00,240
well and i know you're interested in

217
00:08:04,550 --> 00:08:02,479
plant growth at the genetic level what

218
00:08:06,309 --> 00:08:04,560
is this telling you that that might

219
00:08:08,469 --> 00:08:06,319
affect the way we grow plants here on

220
00:08:10,550 --> 00:08:08,479
earth or the way we might grow them uh

221
00:08:12,790 --> 00:08:10,560
on long duration space flights uh to

222
00:08:14,869 --> 00:08:12,800
distant destinations well that's a

223
00:08:17,589 --> 00:08:14,879
that's a complex question and there's

224
00:08:20,309 --> 00:08:17,599
two two good parts there and so so bring

225
00:08:22,230 --> 00:08:20,319
me back to what tells us about long-term

226
00:08:23,510 --> 00:08:22,240
space flight growth but let me ask you

227
00:08:25,350 --> 00:08:23,520
first about what does it tell us

228
00:08:27,110 --> 00:08:25,360
fundamentally and that is

229
00:08:28,869 --> 00:08:27,120
as i said a number part the other part

230
00:08:30,309 --> 00:08:28,879
of this particular experiment is looking

231
00:08:32,230 --> 00:08:30,319
at the gene expression patterns and

232
00:08:33,350 --> 00:08:32,240
that's the subject of a different paper

233
00:08:35,029 --> 00:08:33,360
but

234
00:08:37,269 --> 00:08:35,039
we know that looking at the patterns of

235
00:08:38,949 --> 00:08:37,279
how genes are turned on or turned off in

236
00:08:41,430 --> 00:08:38,959
the space flight environment

237
00:08:45,030 --> 00:08:41,440
actually recapitulate some of the things

238
00:08:47,750 --> 00:08:45,040
that we see morphologically and so

239
00:08:50,630 --> 00:08:47,760
a lot of the genes that we see that are

240
00:08:53,350 --> 00:08:50,640
that are expressed also are

241
00:08:55,829 --> 00:08:53,360
related to how cells especially cell

242
00:08:57,750 --> 00:08:55,839
walls are remodeled and so if you look

243
00:09:00,870 --> 00:08:57,760
at some of those genes they're also ones

244
00:09:03,750 --> 00:09:00,880
that that dictate how plants

245
00:09:06,310 --> 00:09:03,760
do this kind of skewing phenomenon and

246
00:09:07,190 --> 00:09:06,320
so that gives us a very fundamental look

247
00:09:08,470 --> 00:09:07,200
into

248
00:09:12,070 --> 00:09:08,480
how plants

249
00:09:13,990 --> 00:09:12,080
turn their mechanisms on and off by in a

250
00:09:16,070 --> 00:09:14,000
very fundamental kind of level so that's

251
00:09:18,550 --> 00:09:16,080
that's one of the things that that is

252
00:09:22,150 --> 00:09:18,560
also interesting to us it also gives us

253
00:09:24,470 --> 00:09:22,160
a clue that the the ability for plants

254
00:09:26,470 --> 00:09:24,480
to have these kinds of

255
00:09:29,430 --> 00:09:26,480
behaviors if you will is inherent it's

256
00:09:31,509 --> 00:09:29,440
something that is that is not requiring

257
00:09:33,509 --> 00:09:31,519
a gravitational

258
00:09:35,190 --> 00:09:33,519
response and remember these are growing

259
00:09:36,949 --> 00:09:35,200
in a novel environment something that's

260
00:09:39,269 --> 00:09:36,959
absolutely outside their evolutionary

261
00:09:41,509 --> 00:09:39,279
experience and so what that tells us is

262
00:09:45,030 --> 00:09:41,519
that even though plants have never

263
00:09:47,269 --> 00:09:45,040
evolved with a gravity-free environment

264
00:09:49,750 --> 00:09:47,279
there are this inherent mechanisms by

265
00:09:52,710 --> 00:09:49,760
which the seed will germinate and the

266
00:09:55,750 --> 00:09:52,720
roots will grow away from where the seed

267
00:09:58,310 --> 00:09:55,760
is planted in the in search of nutrients

268
00:10:00,070 --> 00:09:58,320
and water etc and we've known for a long

269
00:10:01,670 --> 00:10:00,080
time that that of course they can do

270
00:10:03,190 --> 00:10:01,680
this without gravity from a lot of the

271
00:10:05,350 --> 00:10:03,200
other previous

272
00:10:07,670 --> 00:10:05,360
experiments but to see that they used

273
00:10:09,110 --> 00:10:07,680
the same inherent mechanisms but would

274
00:10:12,069 --> 00:10:09,120
like with the skewing these waving

275
00:10:14,150 --> 00:10:12,079
phenomena that is a real fundamental

276
00:10:15,829 --> 00:10:14,160
interesting phenomenon that we've seen

277
00:10:17,910 --> 00:10:15,839
now does this make us better gardeners

278
00:10:19,750 --> 00:10:17,920
in space well yes it does because what

279
00:10:23,030 --> 00:10:19,760
that what that shows us is it sort of

280
00:10:25,110 --> 00:10:23,040
takes some of the um the uh

281
00:10:27,190 --> 00:10:25,120
concern about how

282
00:10:29,269 --> 00:10:27,200
how well plants do how well plants will

283
00:10:31,190 --> 00:10:29,279
be able to adapt to environments where

284
00:10:33,190 --> 00:10:31,200
the gravity is altered for long periods

285
00:10:35,110 --> 00:10:33,200
of time as camille said that we have

286
00:10:37,430 --> 00:10:35,120
grown plants on orbit from seed to seed

287
00:10:38,949 --> 00:10:37,440
so we know that they can do it we also

288
00:10:41,509 --> 00:10:38,959
know though though they engage a lot of

289
00:10:42,949 --> 00:10:41,519
metabolic processes that

290
00:10:45,190 --> 00:10:42,959
that they know they're in space they

291
00:10:47,590 --> 00:10:45,200
know that they're in a place that's not

292
00:10:49,910 --> 00:10:47,600
exactly ideal but nonetheless that they

293
00:10:52,949 --> 00:10:49,920
can manage it the more information we

294
00:10:55,030 --> 00:10:52,959
get on the the how and the why

295
00:10:56,710 --> 00:10:55,040
of of how they mount these responses

296
00:10:59,030 --> 00:10:56,720
that allows us to be

297
00:11:00,870 --> 00:10:59,040
better and better gardeners in designing

298
00:11:02,550 --> 00:11:00,880
our habitats and designing the hardware

299
00:11:04,069 --> 00:11:02,560
that supports these plants and that's

300
00:11:05,829 --> 00:11:04,079
what will help us in the long term

301
00:11:07,430 --> 00:11:05,839
because you know when we leave earth's

302
00:11:09,430 --> 00:11:07,440
orbit no matter where we leave we'll be

303
00:11:11,269 --> 00:11:09,440
taking plants with us just like the guys

304
00:11:13,430 --> 00:11:11,279
who were going out to the oregon trail

305
00:11:15,509 --> 00:11:13,440
took their plants with us and we have to

306
00:11:17,590 --> 00:11:15,519
adjust to the new environments and the

307
00:11:19,110 --> 00:11:17,600
new situations that we'll have to put

308
00:11:21,030 --> 00:11:19,120
them in and all these kind of data

309
00:11:22,310 --> 00:11:21,040
informs that

310
00:11:24,310 --> 00:11:22,320
and so i guess what you're getting at

311
00:11:26,150 --> 00:11:24,320
there is that uh what you're learning

312
00:11:27,829 --> 00:11:26,160
now not only would help us grow plants

313
00:11:29,030 --> 00:11:27,839
that would help support people on long

314
00:11:31,190 --> 00:11:29,040
journeys

315
00:11:33,990 --> 00:11:31,200
to other worlds but also it might help

316
00:11:36,069 --> 00:11:34,000
us be able to cultivate them on those

317
00:11:37,430 --> 00:11:36,079
other worlds even though say in mars

318
00:11:40,150 --> 00:11:37,440
you've got one-third the gravity you

319
00:11:40,790 --> 00:11:40,160
have on earth sure yeah absolutely and

320
00:11:47,269 --> 00:11:40,800
it

321
00:11:48,470 --> 00:11:47,279
what mechanisms plants use to adjust to

322
00:11:50,870 --> 00:11:48,480
those kinds of

323
00:11:52,470 --> 00:11:50,880
new and novel situations

324
00:11:54,470 --> 00:11:52,480
well dr paul i want to thank you very

325
00:11:55,990 --> 00:11:54,480
much for joining us here today and and

326
00:11:58,310 --> 00:11:56,000
we're going to go back to camille here

327
00:12:00,310 --> 00:11:58,320
for some some wrapping up questions here

328
00:12:02,389 --> 00:12:00,320
about uh the international space station

329
00:12:03,670 --> 00:12:02,399
research and other plant but i did want

330
00:12:05,430 --> 00:12:03,680
to ask you one more thing you've got

331
00:12:06,470 --> 00:12:05,440
another experiment called brick 17.

332
00:12:10,470 --> 00:12:06,480
could you tell us a little bit about

333
00:12:12,550 --> 00:12:10,480
that one ah sure um right 17 is

334
00:12:14,629 --> 00:12:12,560
instead of using seedlings for you know

335
00:12:18,150 --> 00:12:14,639
arabidopsis type seedlings or small

336
00:12:20,710 --> 00:12:18,160
plants it uses undifferentiated cells

337
00:12:21,750 --> 00:12:20,720
and that in a nutshell is

338
00:12:26,470 --> 00:12:21,760
the

339
00:12:28,069 --> 00:12:26,480
instead of being looking like seedlings

340
00:12:30,069 --> 00:12:28,079
they look a little bit well like

341
00:12:32,069 --> 00:12:30,079
couscous on the surface of a plate they

342
00:12:33,670 --> 00:12:32,079
are all the cells are essentially the

343
00:12:34,389 --> 00:12:33,680
same and they don't have the same kind

344
00:12:37,350 --> 00:12:34,399
of

345
00:12:40,389 --> 00:12:37,360
roots and shoots and and

346
00:12:42,790 --> 00:12:40,399
sensing organs that if you like the our

347
00:12:44,870 --> 00:12:42,800
initial brick experiment brick 16 we did

348
00:12:46,470 --> 00:12:44,880
run these undifferentiated cells plus

349
00:12:50,069 --> 00:12:46,480
the

350
00:12:52,949 --> 00:12:50,079
undifferentiated cells respond in a

351
00:12:55,350 --> 00:12:52,959
dramatically profoundly different way

352
00:12:56,790 --> 00:12:55,360
and so our follow-on experiment is to

353
00:12:59,829 --> 00:12:56,800
explore

354
00:13:01,509 --> 00:12:59,839
the mechanisms by which they

355
00:13:03,670 --> 00:13:01,519
engage these gene expression patterns

356
00:13:05,430 --> 00:13:03,680
that are so extraordinary mostly heat

357
00:13:08,069 --> 00:13:05,440
shock genes that there should be no

358
00:13:09,990 --> 00:13:08,079
reason for them to be induced and so we

359
00:13:11,590 --> 00:13:10,000
designed this follow-on experiment with

360
00:13:13,590 --> 00:13:11,600
different types of mutants and different

361
00:13:15,269 --> 00:13:13,600
types of gene pathways that will allow

362
00:13:16,710 --> 00:13:15,279
us to test some of the hypotheses that

363
00:13:20,230 --> 00:13:16,720
we developed from our first brick

364
00:13:22,150 --> 00:13:20,240
experiment which flew last year well

365
00:13:23,509 --> 00:13:22,160
thanks again for being with us today and

366
00:13:25,269 --> 00:13:23,519
maybe we can bring you back when you've

367
00:13:27,030 --> 00:13:25,279
got some results from the brick

368
00:13:28,389 --> 00:13:27,040
experiments that you can talk about oh

369
00:13:30,150 --> 00:13:28,399
i'd love to thank you so much for the

370
00:13:32,710 --> 00:13:30,160
opportunity well thanks for being with

371
00:13:34,949 --> 00:13:32,720
us again and camille any last thoughts

372
00:13:37,910 --> 00:13:34,959
about plant research on the space

373
00:13:39,910 --> 00:13:37,920
station and and how it may apply to

374
00:13:41,269 --> 00:13:39,920
making benefits for people here on earth

375
00:13:44,470 --> 00:13:41,279
in the long run

376
00:13:46,550 --> 00:13:44,480
when we talk about the benefits of iss

377
00:13:48,629 --> 00:13:46,560
research or any type of research we're

378
00:13:51,750 --> 00:13:48,639
doing on the international space station

379
00:13:53,430 --> 00:13:51,760
we categorize that in three ways

380
00:13:55,750 --> 00:13:53,440
we talk about discovery that's the

381
00:13:58,389 --> 00:13:55,760
fundamental knowledge we gain we talk

382
00:14:00,949 --> 00:13:58,399
about space benefits which is what dr

383
00:14:03,269 --> 00:14:00,959
paul talked about with her plans the

384
00:14:06,230 --> 00:14:03,279
fact that plans are great food source

385
00:14:07,990 --> 00:14:06,240
for long duration space flight but then

386
00:14:10,629 --> 00:14:08,000
we also talk about earth benefits and

387
00:14:12,629 --> 00:14:10,639
that's the benefits that have an impact

388
00:14:14,389 --> 00:14:12,639
on our lives and improve the quality of

389
00:14:16,710 --> 00:14:14,399
our lives so there are couple

390
00:14:20,310 --> 00:14:16,720
investigations dr paul talked about

391
00:14:22,310 --> 00:14:20,320
brick 17 1 there's a brick 17 2

392
00:14:24,470 --> 00:14:22,320
that's looking at the noxic response

393
00:14:27,189 --> 00:14:24,480
anoxic meaning a low oxygen

394
00:14:30,150 --> 00:14:27,199
environmental or oxygen conditions and

395
00:14:32,069 --> 00:14:30,160
how these plants respond in in the space

396
00:14:33,350 --> 00:14:32,079
flight environment under these

397
00:14:34,949 --> 00:14:33,360
conditions

398
00:14:36,949 --> 00:14:34,959
so researchers are hoping that the

399
00:14:38,629 --> 00:14:36,959
results from that would help them

400
00:14:40,949 --> 00:14:38,639
develop genetic engineering

401
00:14:43,110 --> 00:14:40,959
countermeasures for terrestrial plants

402
00:14:44,629 --> 00:14:43,120
who suffer the same stressful

403
00:14:46,389 --> 00:14:44,639
environment

404
00:14:48,470 --> 00:14:46,399
there's also another investigation that

405
00:14:51,110 --> 00:14:48,480
was done a couple years ago called

406
00:14:52,389 --> 00:14:51,120
national lab pathfinder cells and that

407
00:14:55,269 --> 00:14:52,399
was looking at the effect of

408
00:14:58,870 --> 00:14:55,279
microgravity on biofuel plants and we

409
00:15:01,110 --> 00:14:58,880
know biofuel plants have a high

410
00:15:04,629 --> 00:15:01,120
content of oil that could be extracted

411
00:15:06,470 --> 00:15:04,639
and used as fuel or renewable energy and

412
00:15:08,550 --> 00:15:06,480
so they're hoping that the results from

413
00:15:11,110 --> 00:15:08,560
those can contribute to alternative

414
00:15:13,829 --> 00:15:11,120
energy crop production that can be

415
00:15:15,829 --> 00:15:13,839
accessible to u.s farmers so those are a

416
00:15:18,870 --> 00:15:15,839
couple of the earth benefits

417
00:15:20,470 --> 00:15:18,880
that we look for looking forward to from

418
00:15:22,949 --> 00:15:20,480
some of the plant research we're doing

419
00:15:24,790 --> 00:15:22,959
on the isis all right well uh camille

420
00:15:26,629 --> 00:15:24,800
ayin from the international program

421
00:15:29,030 --> 00:15:26,639
science office thank you much for

422
00:15:31,030 --> 00:15:29,040
joining us today thank you kelly and and

423
00:15:32,710 --> 00:15:31,040
anna-lysa paul from the florida

424
00:15:34,389 --> 00:15:32,720
university thank you so much for joining

425
00:15:35,990 --> 00:15:34,399
us today i

426
00:15:37,590 --> 00:15:36,000
think that very interesting work going

427
00:15:39,189 --> 00:15:37,600
on on the space station with this plant

428
00:15:40,389 --> 00:15:39,199
research just one of the many types of

429
00:15:42,150 --> 00:15:40,399
research we're doing on the space